ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter front end electronics

The ATLAS detector has been designed for operation at CERN's Large Hadron Collider. ATLAS includes a complex system of liquid argon calorimeters. This paper describes the architecture and implementation of the system of custom front end electronics developed for the readout of the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeters

System Dynamics Simulation to Explore the Impact of Low European Electricity Prices on Swiss Generation Capacity Investments

European electricity markets are coping with low energy prices as a result of overinvestments in generation capacity, subsidies for renewables and the financial crisis of 2008. In this chapter we explore the implications of low electricity prices on the Swiss electricity market, which is facing the additional challenge of phasing out nuclear power plants and market liberalization. System Dynamics is utilized to model and simulate the long-term impacts on investments in new generation capacity, security of supply and future electricity prices. Simulation results indicate that the current low electricity prices are likely to persist for another decade. The most likely response to the low prices is an underinvestment in generation capacity, with the risk of scarcity pricing under low security of supply, as it coincides with the decommissioning of nuclear power plants. There is little evidence this will lead to boom-and-bust investment cycles. Finally, in the long-term we observe a shift towards renewable energy sources and natural gas fired power plants, resulting in more volatile electricity prices. These findings are similar to earlier studies of the liberalized German and Belgian electricity markets, which are also facing the challenges of a nuclear phase-out under depressed European prices

Radiation qualification of the front-end electronics for the readout of the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeters

The ATLAS detector has been built to study the reactions produced by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). ATLAS includes a system of liquid argon calorimeters for energy measurements. The electronics for amplifying, shaping, sampling, pipelining, and digitizing the calorimeter signals is implemented on a set of front-end electronic boards. The front-end boards are installed in crates mounted between the calorimeters, where they will be subjected to significant levels of radiation during LHC operation. As a result, all components used on the front-end boards had to be subjected to an extensive set of radiation qualification tests. This paper describes radiation-tolerant designs, radiation testing, and radiation qualification of the front-end readout sy stem for the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeters